Abstract:
This report summarizes WSDOT's 10 year of experience with "epoxy" and "Methl Methacrylate" (MMA) thin polymer bridge deck overlays.

Authors:
Wilson,D. L., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge deck repairs, Deck, evaluation, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, thin overlay, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation is conducting experimental field evaluations of selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 24 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating construction projects as experimental features.A polymer concrete thin overlay, The Conkryl Broadcast System (methlmethacrylate), was applied to the deck of the South 154th Street Overcrossing, Bridge No. 5/523, under Contract No. 3354, SR 405 Tukwila to South Renton HOV Lanes. This bridge is a prestressed girder bridge located on the mainline I-5 at the intersection with I-405 in Seattle, Washington.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, Deck, evaluation, experimental, HOV, HOV lanes, lanes, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, prestressed, project, seattle, thin overlay, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Bridge expansion joints pose a special problem in the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) bridge deck management system. These devices are subject to repeated heavy dynamic loading, and premature failure has occurred in many cases. It is WSDOT policy, as part of the Bridge Deck Management System, to make expansion joints watertight in order to reduce the potential of substructure corrosion induced by roadway deicing salts and other contaminants.Expansion joint seals play an important role in keeping expansion joints watertight. A relatively new material, Evazote 50, looks promising in its performance characteristics as an expansion joint seal. It is able to accommodate considerable joint movement, its durability and corrosion resistant properties are excellent, and it is resistant to absorption of oils and greases. The purpose of this experimental project is to gain knowledge about the material\'s effectiveness over time and to gain knowledge about field installation techniques. It was very beneficial to have the manufacturer\'s representative on the job during installation. This was required by special provision and is a practice that should be continued on future projects.In-place performance will determine acceptance of Evazote 50 for general use.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
absorption, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck rehabilitation, corrosion, Deck, durability, effectiveness, expansion joints, experimental, in-place, ITS, Joints, management, management system, performance, policy, roadway, salt, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The performance of an experimental installation of PlusRide ACP as a bridge deck overlay is summarized in this report. Visual inspections, friction tests, noise readings, and rut depth measurements were taken on both the PlusRide and a rubberized ACP control section. No evidence of better frictional properties, noise reduction or increased service life could be attributed to the PlusRide in comparison with the rubberized ACP control section.

Authors:
Allison,R. E.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, control, Deck, experimental, friction, inspection, noise, noise reduction, overlay, pavement, performance, PlusRide, resistance, Rubberized, tests

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/100/130.2.htm

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as features. The polymer concrete thin overlays were applied to the decks of the River Bridge and the Yakima River Bridge under Contract No. 3 SR 90 and SR 82, Interchange to Terrace Heights. Both bridges are steel truss bridges located on SR 82 just outside Yakima, Washington. Both the epoxy overlay and the methacrylate overlays were versatile products apply under difficult traffic control conditions. Starting and stopping the various pours to accommodate opening and closing of lanes for traffic proved satisfactory. To the extent possible, work was performed at night when traffic was light. All three lanes were then opened to traffic in the early morning to accommodate peak traffic conditions.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, condition, construction, contracts, control, Deck, Epoxy, experimental, lanes, light, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, steel, steel truss bridge, thin overlay, traffic, traffic control, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Washington State has approximately 700 bridge decks that may require a latex modified concrete (LMC) overlay in the next 12 to 15 years. The microsilica concrete overlay is seen as a possible alternative to the increasingly expensive latex modified concrete.A microsilica modified concrete overlay was placed on Bridge 5/718W in Skagit County.The bridge is a concrete box girder structure with 8,100 square feet of deck area. The ADT on this bridge is 9,150 vehicles per day.The minimum overlay thickness was 1% inches. Superplasticizer was added to the mix. The concrete was mixed in a conventional batch plant with the technical representative from the microsilica supplier providing assistance. The microsilica modified concreteoverlay was finished and cured as prescribed by WSDOTts specification for LMC overlays.The microsilica was supplied as a slurry. Force 10,000, produced by W. R. Grace and Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, was the source of the microsilica.The long-term performance evaluation of the microsilica-modified concrete will be based on a direct comparison with the LMC overlay to be constructed on Bridge 5/71SE. Both bridges are of similar construction, have the same deck area and ADT, and have existing decks with similar levels of chloride contamination. Both overlays were constructed under the same contract.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, concrete additives, construction, contamination, Deck, evaluation, latex modified concrete, microsilica concrete, overlay, overlays, performance, performance evaluation, silica fume, specification, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report documents development of a systematic bridge deck management system ofr the Washington State Department of Transportation. This system determines present and future bridge deck condition, estimates required reconstruction and its associated costs, and priortizes and selects reconstruction while considering either budget constraints or condition level constraints.

Authors:
Babaei,K.

Keywords:
bridge deck, management, concrete, deterioration, rehabilitation, protection

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected ploymer concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment.The study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting field testing of several selected concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment. The Snake River Bridge at Clarkston, Washington, Bridge No. 12/915, is the first bridge of the to receive a 1/4 thin overlay. The polymer concrete used is by Polycarb. The deck was repaired and overlaid in June of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on June 8 and was completed on June 20. A total of 6,477 S.Y. of overlay was involved. Traffic was accommodated at all times on the portion of the bridge not being overlaid. Construction progressed relatively smoothly per the inspector\'s report. The material permitted the contractor flexibility in the rate of installation and in starting and stopping the work. Width of installation was varied to accommodate temporary traffic lanes. Pavement skid tests and bond tests all proved satisfactory. Ninety-one percent of the resistivity tests exceeded the minimum required by the specifications. The majority of the test points that did not meet the minimum specified occurred at the beginning of the work, where the contractor attempted to apply the material with spray that apparently did not provide accurate proportionate mix of the epoxy components. Subsequent tests and reports delamination, half-cell, chloride content, and rutting values to the original deck survey values.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, construction, contracts, Epoxy, experimental, half-cell, highway, lanes, overlay, overlays, pavement, polymer, polymer concrete, specification, specifications, survey, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1 1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.The Grays River Bridge at Roseburg, Washington, Bridge is the second bridge of the federal aid projects to receive a thin concrete overlay. The polymer concrete used was Degadur 330, made by Degussa Company and installed by Floor. The deck was overlaid in August of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on August 4, 1986 and was completed on August 5, 1986. A total of 586 S.Y. of overlay was placed. There was no traffic on the bridge during the overlay placement. The overlay contractor had a well trained crew and the overlay placement went very smoothly. The experience showed when the different operations of primer, overlay, and sealer were sequenced so that when one layer cured out, the next operation was ready to go. Friction tests and electrical resistivity tests were all satisfactory.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, experimental, friction, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, sealer, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This is the final report of PlusRide being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay.A Class D Asphalt Concrete pavement which is an open graded friction course was used on an adjacent bridge as a control for the PlusRide. The PlusRide claims were high friction resistance, reduced noise, increased fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The PlusRide cost 50 percent more that the Class D and the friction resistance, noise levels and fatigue properties were the same for the PlusRide and Class D. The deicing characteristics could not be confirmed due to the absence of surface icing on highways in the Yakima area.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Schultz,R. L.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, claims, Class D, concrete, control, cost, Deck, fatigue, friction, highway, Highways, noise, overlay, pavement, PlusRide, resistance

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Abstract:
This is the post construction and one year evaluation Report of being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay under very high traffic volumes. A rubberized Class D Asphalt Concrete Pavement friction course was used on an adjacent bridge to compare against the PlusRide. The properties evaluated were friction resistance, noise, fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The friction and noise properties are the same. The PlusRide has deeper ruts and large areas in the traveled lane have delaminated. The deicing characteristics have not been confirmed. The rubberized class ACP is performing better than the PlusRide.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Schultz,R. L.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridges, Class D, concrete, construction, Deck, evaluation, fatigue, friction, friction course, noise, overlay, pavement, PlusRide, resistance, Rubberized, traffic, traffic volumes, volume

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Abstract:


Authors:
Babaei,K., Hawkins,N. M.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, bridge deck, concrete, evaluation, bridge

Abstract:
This report documents performance of 12 concrete bridge decks that were rehabilitated and/or protected with latex-modified concrete and low-slump dense concrete overlays in order to prevent future de-icing salt penetration and reinforcing steel corrosion. Regardless of concrete deterioration caused by rebar corrosion, the overlaid bridge decks will require maintenance in the form of resurfacing in the future. This maintenance may be due to traffic action and a severe environment causing surface distress such as scaling, rutting, and a lack of skid resistance, or stripping of the overlays from the decks. There are indications that the continued corrosion of reinforcing steel in the salt contaminated underlying decks is less extensive in the absence of overlay surface cracking.

Authors:
Babaei,K.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, bridge deck, reinforcing steel, corrosion, salt, deterioration, latex-modified concrete, low-slump dense concrete

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Abstract:
This report describes the installation and post-construction evaluation of a thin, lightweight epoxy concrete bridge deck overlay. This subject "Flexolith" epoxy concrete system was installed by Dural International Corporation on a bridge located on I-82 near Ellensburg, Washington.The application of the overlay was unique in both the use of a special machine which mixed the epoxy components with the aggregates and the use of a vibratory screed to distribute and level the epoxy concrete to the desired depth. A small segment of the overlay, however, was placed using the more common broom and seed method of installation.Post-construction testing showed that the overlay has adequate bond strength, extremely high friction resistance and is performing adequately as a waterproof membrane. The only deficiencies noted were a nonuniform surface texture and profile. A recommendation was made to not allow the use of the vibratory screed method until improvements are made to insure that the final product will have a surface texture and profile equivalent to overlays placed with the broom and seed method.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
aggregate, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge decks, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, Epoxy, evaluation, lightweight, membrane, overlay, overlays, profile, resistance, strength, Washington

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks,\" a slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the ES ramp in the Woodinville Interchange during the summer of 1985. The slotted cathodic protection system involves sawing by slots longitudinally in the existing deck at one-foot centers. Platinum wire or carbon strand wire is placed in the cut slots first and then conductive polymer is filled in the slots. Electric power from a rectifier supplies current to the wire and conductive polymer. The current then flows to the top mat reinforcing steel, giving the steel protection from further corrosion. The objective of the demonstration project was to familiarize the Washington State DOT with this new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work:1.A more positive method of finding grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc. needs to be developed. Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2.The necessity for having a minimum of 112-inch cover from the bottom of the slot to the top of the needs to be resolved. 3.A better method of installing the conductive polymer needs to be developed. Hand spreading of the material from plastic bags results in sloppy work. 4.Procurement time for the rectifier needs to be shortened. 5.The project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time for on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary for sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, flow, inspection, plastic, polymer, project, protection, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, reinforcing, reinforcing steel, steel, steel protection, supply, System, technology, training, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Decks,\" a non-slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the deck of the Yakima Bridge near Yakima, Washington, in the summer of 1985. The project involved repairing deck, then fastening Raychem pre-manufactured anodes to the deck to impress current to the mat rebar. Impressing current through the concrete to the top mat steel prevents corrosion of the steel. A latex modified concrete overlay was placed over the deck anode. The objective of the demonstration project to familiarize the Washington State DOT with new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work: 1.A more positive method of finding electrical grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc., needs to be developed. Some ties were exposed during the scarifying operation Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2. An effective technique of allowing concrete trucks to drive on the anode without damaging needs to be developed. 3.An effective method needs to be developed to locate breaks in the anode as well as shorts. 4. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system. 5. Since the project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. These problems need to be overcome to obtain a better quality product.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, inspection, latex modified concrete, overlay, project, protection, quality, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, steel, System, technology, training, truck, trucks, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
An extensive state-of-the-art review of construction methods and results for latex modified concrete (LMC) and low slump, dense concrete (LSDC) overlays is presented in this report. Recommendations are made for improvements in construction procedures, inspection, and specifications. An analysis and preventative measures for plastic shrinkage cracks in LMC are presented. Other alternate bridge deck protective systems were examined.

Authors:
LaFraugh,R. W., Zinserling,M. H.

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge deck, bridges, concrete, concrete overlays, construction, construction methods, cracking, Deck, improvement, inspection, Interim, latex modified concrete, low slump dense concrete, methods, overlay, overlays, plastic, review, shrinkage, specification, specifications, state-of-the-art, System, systems

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Abstract:
Problems with existing sludge disposal practices, combined with new information about its nutritive and soil-conditioning qualities, have led to accepted practices of land application of sludge. Both the Department of Transportation, as an agency with large land holdings and landscaping needs, and municipalities in Washington state may benefit from land application of sludge on roadsides.The use of sewage sludge on roadsides can potentially improve the growth of erosion control grasses, shrubs and trees while minimizing the costs for subsequent reseeding, replanting, or refertilization. Proper site selection and management techniques can potentially minimize public health and environmental impacts from heavy metals, nitrates, pathogens and organic toxicants. Steep roadside slopes, where erosion control is most needed, present a challenge to existing sludge application techniques, but one that is not insurmountable.A review of current national and local research, and a cost comparison analysis, have shown that roadside utilization of sludge may be a feasible practice without infringing on the health, safety and welfare of the public. Tasks are outlined for a demonstration study to investigate application techniques, vegetation types, public health and environmental impacts, and public acceptance and education.

Authors:
Cahn,D. C., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, bridge deck, waterproofing membrane, reinforced concrete, corrosion, salt, deterioration

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Abstract:
This report includes two chapters. The first chapter discusses the corrosion of steel in concrete and provides information on the half-cell corrosion detection technique. In the second chapter, WSDOT's use of the test is reviewed, its concerns with the test are discussed, and the reliability of data collected is determined based on the field tests conducted.The findings of this work support the use of the half-cell test on bridge decks for evaluating their overall condition. The use of half-cell data for designating bridge deck area needing repair, however, is not recommended. The criteria presented in ASTM for evaluating the significance of half-cell potentials can be used for interpretation of data at this time. However, the empirical criteria may be modified in the presence of more data.

Authors:
Babaei,K.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, half-cell, corrosion, concrete, reinforcing steel, bridge deck, salt, deterioration

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Abstract:
This report identified, classifies and addresses WSDOT's needs and questions regarding concrete bridge deck deterioration. Included is a state-of-the-art assessment regarding any major areas of concern to the statewide bridge deck program. Recommendations are made to WSDOT regarding future bridge deck research. A proposed work plan in developed for high priority research items as directed by the WSDOT.

Authors:
Babaei,K.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, bridge deck, concrete, deterioration, corrosion, protection, rehabilitation, reconstruction

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Abstract:
This study field tests and evaluates conditions of five bridge decks in Washington rehabilitated and waterproofed by WSDOT System 'C' membrane and paved with asphalt concrete overlay. The study also reviews and evaluates the WSDOT's membrane selection criteria. Based on the results obtained, the membrane system was generally effective in preventing chloride intrusion into concrete decks. Deterioration in concrete and corrosion in rebar, however, was detected. The deterioration was concentrated around, in the boundary, and within the rehabilitated areas. Those test sections which satisfied the WSDOT membrane selection criteria for protection of existing bridge decks showed minimum levels of concrete deterioration. Included in the study are also recommendations regarding rehabilitating, waterproofing, and testing bridge decks as well as selecting bridge decks for membrane waterproofing.

Authors:
Babaei,K.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, bridge deck, waterproofing membrane, reinforced concrete, corrosion, salt, deterioration

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Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine the wear characteristics of bridge decks overlayed with Class D (open-graded) asphalt concrete. A total of 74 bridges were inspected and rated during the period May to August, 1984.This study was conducted to determine the wear characteristics of bridge decks overlayed with Class (open-graded) asphalt concrete. A total of 74 bridges were inspected and rated during the period May to August, 1984. A rating system was developed to allow a numerical comparison between bridges, and also to establish levels of tolerable differences. Values for a variety of problem areas were assigned in ascending order according to severity. Refer to page 10 for deficiency rating values, To use the system the bridge deck is inspected and values assigned according to visual observations. For example, if a bridge deck had some raveling, severe rutting and a transverse crack at the expansion joint, a rating of 5 (some raveling) 6 (severe rutting) + 2 (traverse expansion joint crack) = 13 would be applied. To further clarify the rating system used on page 4 through under the column headed \"Class of Defects\", the following examples are used. 1. On page 4, Bridge No. E had a rating of The rating total would be = 10, which is in the column headed \"Rating\". 2. On page 5, Bridge No. W had a rating of B-4. The rating total would be B (expansion dam failure) + 4 (some rutting). Since there is no numerical value for B the total is 4, which is listed in the column headed \"Rating\". After comparing ratings of all 74 bridges, three of serviceability were established, Categories A, and C, which are discussed in detail in the memo of August 13, 1984, on page 2 Photo Examples Rating 0-Category A -Bridge No. 90/59E-N -page 35 Rating 2 -Category A -Bridge No. -pages 51-52 Rating 6 -Category -Bridge No. -page 13 Rating 10 -Category B Bridge No. E -page 15 Rating 21 -Category C -Bridge No. N -pages 46-47

Authors:
Gietz,R. H.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge decks, bridges, Class D, concrete, Deck, overlay, overlays

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Abstract:
Forty-eight bridge decks were investigated for deterioration using visual , mechanical , electrical and chemical techniques. Data from the various techniques and the techniques themselves were compared and evaluated, resulting data base for Washington's bridges and recommendations for efficient condition determinations. Of the thirty-seven bridges for which all four types of inspection could be accomplished, twenty-nine were deteriorating as evidenced by delaminated concrete, and only two had non-deteriorating scores for all four techniques. None of the investigative techniques used in the project have been shown able to predict deck deterioration problems six to eight years in advance, our desired time period for project planning. The mechanical technique, commonly referred to as the "chain drag", is the method recommended for continued use by bridge inspection crews. Forty-eight bridge decks were investigated for deterioration using visual, mechanical, electrical and chemical techniques.

Authors:
Demich,G. F.

Keywords:
base, bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, bridges, Chloride ion, delamination, half-cell potential, de-icing salt, Galvaic corrosion, concrete cover, bridge deck deterioration, concrete, condition, data, deck, deterioration, inspection, planning, Washington

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